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The wavefront aberrometer Light can be thought of as traveling in a series of flat sheets, known as wavefronts. To clarify the confusion about light traveling as waves instead of rays, waves are just perpendicular to light rays. These light waves are wrinkled or distorted as they pass through imperfections in the eye. These errors can be displayed on a color map of the wavefront image, which is the tool that is used to diagnose, and then determine corrections, for aberrations in the eye.
There are several ways of analyzing the optical system of the eye using wavefront technology. The most common, the Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensing method, deals with light waves as they exit the eye. In this system, the surgeon or other professional shines a small, low-intensity laser into the eye, and the patient focuses on the light. As that light scatters off of the retina (the rear-most portion of the eye) it passes through the lens, the rear surface of the cornea (the clear, crystalline front part of the eye) and the front surface of the cornea. Thus, the emerging waves of light are distorted by the imperfections in the total visual system of the eye. After leaving the eye, the light passes through an array of many small lenses in the sensing device (called an aberrometer), and is focused into spots, which are recorded by a special camera. The deviation of the spots from their ideal location provides information about focusing imperfections in the visual system.
The wavefront aberrometer Light can be thought of as traveling in a series of flat sheets, known as wavefronts. To clarify the confusion about light traveling as waves instead of rays, waves are just perpendicular to light rays. These light waves are wrinkled or distorted as they pass through imperfections in the eye. These errors can be displayed on a color map of the wavefront image, which is the tool that is used to diagnose, and then determine corrections, for aberrations in the eye.
There are several ways of analyzing the optical system of the eye using wavefront technology. The most common, the Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensing method, deals with light waves as they exit the eye. In this system, the surgeon or other professional shines a small, low-intensity laser into the eye, and the patient focuses on the light. As that light scatters off of the retina (the rear-most portion of the eye) it passes through the lens, the rear surface of the cornea (the clear, crystalline front part of the eye) and the front surface of the cornea. Thus, the emerging waves of light are distorted by the imperfections in the total visual system of the eye. After leaving the eye, the light passes through an array of many small lenses in the sensing device (called an aberrometer), and is focused into spots, which are recorded by a special camera. The deviation of the spots from their ideal location provides information about focusing imperfections in the visual system.
The goal of wavefront-guided laser treatment is to make corrections in the surface of the cornea that compensate for errors in the total visual system. Thus, the amount of wrinkle or error in the wavefront reflected from the back of the eye, as compared to the reference wavefront that was projected into it, defines the compensating optical correction. If the wavefront is retarded about the reference wavefront, the laser must remove more tissue from the part of cornea related to that pattern. If the wavefront is advanced (in front of the referenced wavefront), the laser must remove less tissue. It should be noted that wavefront treatment does induce some minor second-order spherical errors, but to a significantly lesser extent than conventional refractive surgery.
In this way, a wavefront-guided treatment is customized to the characteristics of each eye and intended to minimize higher-order aberrations so that the greatest quality of vision can be achieved.
Wavefront technology is relatively new to the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued its first approval of a wavefront system in August 2002, and other major US laser manufacturers are expected to receive their approvals in 2003. As the FDA approves systems and they become widely available, patients will have greater access to wavefront technology and treatment
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