Urethroscopy Surgery and Cost in India

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Understanding Weight Loss Surgery in India

Purpose in India

Urine is normally carried from the kidneys to the bladder via a pair of long, narrow tubes called ureters (each kidney is connected to one ureter). A ureter may become obstructed as a result of a number of conditions including kidney stones, tumors, blood clots, postsurgical swelling, or infection. A ureteral stent is placed in the ureter to restore the flow of urine to the bladder. Ureteral stents may be used in patients with active kidney infection or with diseased bladders (e.g., as a result of cancer or radiation therapy). Alternatively, ureteral stents may be used during or after urinary tract surgical procedures to provide a mold around which healing can occur, to divert the urinary flow away from areas of leakage, to manipulate kidney stones or prevent stone migration prior to treatment, or to make the ureters more easily identifiable during difficult surgical procedures. The stent may remain in place on a short-term (days to weeks) or long-term (weeks to months) basis.

Demographics in India

Chronic blockage of a ureter affects approximately five individuals out of every 1,000; acute blockage affects one out of every 1,000. Bilateral obstruction (blockage to both ureters) is more rare; chronic blockage affects one individual per 1,000 people, and acute blockage affects five per 10,000.

Description in India

The size, shape, and material of the ureteral stent to be used depends on the patient’s anatomy and the reason why the stent is required. Most stents are 5-12 inches (12-30 cm) in length, and have a diameter of 0.06-0.2 inches (1.5-6 mm). One or both ends of the stent may be coiled (called a pigtail stent) to prevent it from moving out of place; an open-ended stent is better suited for patients who require temporary drainage. In some instances, one end of the stent has a thread attached to it that extends through the bladder and urethra to the outside of the body; this aids in stent removal. The stent material must be flexible, durable, non-reactive, and radiopaque (visible on an x ray).

The patient is typically placed under general anesthesia for stent insertion, ensuring that the patient remains completely relaxed and immobile during the procedure. A cystoscope, which is a thin, telescope-like instrument, is inserted through the urethra and advanced into the bladder to locate the opening of the ureter that requires stenting. In certain cases, a guide wire may be introduced into the ureter with the assistance of a fluoroscope, an imaging device that uses X-rays to visualize internal structures on a fluorescent screen. The guide wire helps create a pathway for the stent, which is then threaded over the wire and positioned appropriately. Once the stent is correctly placed, both the guide wire and cystoscope are removed. If this method is unsuccessful or not feasible, the stent may be placed percutaneously—through a small incision in the skin—directly into the kidney and then into the ureter. In India, this procedure is commonly performed in advanced urological centers equipped with modern technology to ensure effective patient care and outcomes.

A stent that has an attached thread may be pulled out by a physician in an office setting. Cystoscopy may also be used to remove a stent.

Diagnosis/Preparation in India

A number of different technologies aid in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction. These include in India : –

cystoscopy (a procedure in which a thin, tubular instrument is used to visualize the interior of the bladder)
ultrasonography (an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sounds waves to visualize structures inside the body)
computed tomography (an imaging technique that uses x rays to produce two-dimensional cross-sections on a viewing screen)
pyelography (x rays taken of the urinary tract after a contrast dye has been injected into a vein or into the kidney, ureter, or bladder)
Prior to ureteral stenting, the procedure should be thoroughly explained by a medical professional. No food or drink is permitted after midnight the night before surgery. The patient wears a hospital gown during the procedure. If the stent insertion is performed with the aid of a cystoscope, the patient will assume a position that is typically used in a gynecological exam (lying on the back, with the legs flexed and supported by stirrups).

Aftercare in India

Stents must be periodically replaced to prevent fractures within the catheter wall or build-up of encrustation. Stent replacement is recommended approximately every six months; more often in patients who form stones.

Risks

Complications associated with ureteral stenting include in India : –

bleeding (usually minor and easily treated, but occasionally requiring transfusion)
catheter migration or dislodgement (may require readjustment)
coiling of the stent within the ureter (may cause lower abdominal pain or flank pain on urination, urinary frequency, or blood in the urine)
introduction or worsening of infection
penetration of adjacent organs (e.g., bowel, gallbladder, or lungs)